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Morphology and Histology of jivant - Holostemma ada-kodien Schultes

jivant :

Holostemma ada-kodien flower


Morphology:

Chirvel is a large woody climber and glabrous. Its latex is milky white.
The leaves are opposite and simple, with petioles decussate, ovate-oblong to broadly ovate, cordate, caudate or aristate at apex.
Basal lobes are rounded, more or less pubescent beneath lateral nerves that are prominent and arched.
Floral characteristics
The flowers of the plant are arranged in umbellate axillary cymes; peduncles are terete and glabrous; bracts are linear acute, grooved on ventral surface, glabours.
Pedicels are 1–4 cm long, glabrous; sepals are five in number, free up to the base, and broadly ovate, glandular within.
Corolla rotate lobes five in number, united about halfway, ovate–oblong, obtuse, leathery with papery margin.
Corona is staminal, uniseriate, with annular ring at the base staminal tube.
Stamens are five in number; pollinia are five in number; pollen masses are solitary 11 cm × 3.5 cm, ovoid, thick, acute, and glabrous. Seeds are many, comose, small ovate, thick acute, brown, coma shaped, silky-white, and 2–4 cm long.
Flowering occurs in September– October, while fruiting occurs in November–December.



Histology:

The taproots are slender, branched and swollen at intervels.  The  root tuber  were white in colour and appered as nodulated, flatted cylinder, tapered towards both ends . Root tubers  were appeared  in-termitant at places on the main tap root system. T.S of root tuber seemed irregularly circular in outline with tissue organizaton as outer cork, mid-dle cortex and inner secondary xylem. The conspicuous cork was com-posed of 10-15 layers. Outer 4-6 layers were thick walled, cells filled with reddish brown content, followed by 6–7 layers of thin walled, square or rectangular cells. Cells were devoid of contents and appered white in col-or. Cortex was very prominent and consituted the major portion of the root tuber . Cortex was differentiated into two distinct zones; the outer and inner cortex. Cells of the outer cortex contained druses crystals of calcium oxalate. The crystals varied in size, ranged from 30 to 45 µm in length and 27 to 32 µm in diameter.  Beneath the outer par-enchymatours cortex, 8-10 rows of cells interior, traversed by a layer of stone cells. Stone cells were rectangular to pentagonal in shape, aligned more or less contineous as a boken ring in the cortex. Each group con-sisted of  2-3 stone cells, with a broad band of parenchymatous tissues intervening between the group of sclereids. The stone cells were ligni-fied, striated and pitted  with wide lumen . Cortical cells were filled with plenty of starch grains, which composed of both simple and compound grains. Wood constituted to form a narrow zone. When cross sectioned at the tapered end portion of root tuber, the secondary xylem appeared fissured and arranged like spokes of a wheel , where the narrow band of xylem strips began to develop from the cambium and gradually broadened, run horizontally towards the center. While the sections taken from the middle portion of the root tuber, showed secondary xylem as a closed round to elliptico-ovoid ring like configuration  at the center and the xylem appeared forked dichotomously towards the periphery, aligned conspicuously two separate ‘v’ shaped configurations , leaving the center of the root tuber devoid of any xylem tissues. Xylem rays were broad, many cells wide and lacked the vessel contacts. Vessels were mostly solitary and small sized, majority of them were arranged in radial rows . Diameter of xylem vessel lumen ranged from 12.61 μm to 39.6 μm in size. 
The number of xylem vessel was not many, larger and smaller vessels were seemed aligned intermittently.



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