Morphology and Histology of gambhari - Gmelina arborea Linn.

gambhari :

gambhari : Gmelina arborea Linn.


Morphology:

Root –

·         Occurs in pieces with secondary and tertiary branches,

·         root pieces nearly cylindrical with uneven surface, greyish brown, fracture somewhat tough in bark, brittle and predominant in woody portion.

Root bark-

• mature root bark when fresh, yellowish in colour, 

• dry pieces curved and channelled,

• thinner ones forming single quills, 

• external surface rugged due to presence of vertical cracks, ridges, fissures and numerous lenticels, 

• fracture short and granular


Flowers- appearing with or sometimes before the young leaves, usually in small cymes of about three flowers arranged along the branches of a densely fulvous- hairy panicle reaching 30cm. long; buds clavate, angular; bracts 8mm. long, linear- lanceolate Calyx 5mm. long, broadly campanulate, densely fulvous- hairy; teeth 5, small, triangular, acute. Corolla brownish yellow, densely hairy outside reaching 3.8cm long, 5- lobed, 2- lipped; upper lip rather more than 1cm long, deeply divided into 2 oblong, obtuse lobes; lower lip nearly 2.5cm long, 3- lobed, the middle lobe projecting forward, ovate, sub obtuse, with irregularly crenulate margin, much longer and broader than the obovate rounded lateral lobes. 

Fruits- Drupe, 2- 2.5cm long, ovoid or pyriform, smooth, orange yellow when ripe




Histology:

Root-
transverse section of root shows 
• 6-8 layers of cork cells, 
• secondary cortex, including primary and secondary phloem about two third consisting of wood, cork brownish, 
• cells arranged in tangential direction and broken at places towards upper layers, 
• cortex characterised by the presence of thin-walled parenchymatous cells with starch grains , 
• resin ducts present in abundance throughout cortex, scattered stone cells fibre like or elongated common, 
• fibres present, occurring mostly in singles, 
• cells of cortex also contain rosette crystals of calcium oxalate and oil globules, 
• primary phloem characterised by the presence of sieve tubes with companion cells, phloem parenchyma, soft bast fibres and ray cells, 
• phloem fibres occur singly and scattered cortical cells 40-70 µ by 25-35 µ and bast fibres, 300-1000 µ by 10-15 µ 
• development of cork takes place in second or third layer of primary cortex, 
• wood consists of simple pitted wood parenchyma and medullary rays, wood cells mainly composed of vessels and tracheids and 
• inner wood consists of a major portion of fibres together with a few vessels, vessels numerous and form almost a ring near the periphery of xylem cylinder and somewhat spares, being scattered in groups or singly nearer the central region, lumen of vessels somewhat large, dimensions of vessels 130-250 µ by 50-100 µ and
• those of the tracheids 175-300 µ by 30-50 µ wood fibres abundant and with simple pits , cambium distinct, 
• medullary rays generally 1-2 celled thick with abundant starch grains cells oblong to rectangular.


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